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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
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- 05 August 2012
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- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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DIVISION VIII / WORKING GROUP SUPERNOVA
- Wolfgang Hillebrandt, Brian P. Schmidt, Edward Baron, Stefano Benetti, Sergey I. Blinnikov, Sergey I. Blinnikov, David R. Branch, Enrico Cappellaro, Alexei V. Filippenko, Claes Fransson, Peter M. Garnavich, Daniel W. E. Green, Ariel M. Goobar, Mario Hamuy, Peter H. Hauschildt, Robert P. Kirshner, Bruno Leibundgut, Daniel J. Lennon, Eric J. Lentz, Peter Lundqvist, Robert McGraw, Paolo A. Mazzali, W. Peter S. Meikle, Anthony Mezzacappa, Jens C. Niemeyer, Ken'ichi Nomoto, Reynald Pain, Nino Panagia, Ferdinando Patat, Mark M. Phillips, Elena Pian, Guiliano Pignata, Philipp Podsiadlowski, María Pilar Ruiz-Lapuente, Elaine M. Sadler, Brian P. Schmidt, Peter O. Shull, Jason Spyromilio, Nicholas B. Suntzeff, Friedrich-Karl Thielemann, Christopher Tout, Virginia L. Trimble, James W. Truran, Dmitry Yu. Tsvetkov, Massimo Turatto, Massimo della Valle, Schuyler Van Dyk, Wolfgang H. Voges, Nicholas A. Walton, Lifan Wang, J. Craig Wheeler, Kurt W. Weiler, Patricia A. Whitelock, Stanford E. Woosley, Hitoshi Yamaoka, Gang Zhao
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- Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union / Volume 4 / Issue T27A / December 2008
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 December 2008, pp. 295-297
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- December 2008
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The Supernova Working Group was re-established at the IAU XXV General Assembly in Sydney, 21 July 2003, sponsored by Commissions 28 (Galaxies) and 47 (Cosmology). Here we report on some of its activities since 2005.
Degradation in iTMC OLEDs
- Leonard J. Soltzberg, Velda Goldberg, Michael D. Kaplan, Heather Bankowski, Shannon Browne, Heather Concannon, Megan Damour, Samantha Green, Elthea Hendrickson, HengLian Huang, Virginia Liu, Lindsey Piirainen, Suwathna Reel, George G. Malliaras, Jason D. Slinker, Stefan Bernhard
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- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 1029 / 2007
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- 01 February 2011, 1029-F03-30
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- 2007
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The processes underlying degradation of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) are gradually becoming understood. In ruthenium-based ionic transition metal complex (iTMC) OLEDs, a dimeric species forms during device operation that quenches light emission [1]. Water has been implicated in this degradation process [2]. We report recent studies on degradation of OLEDs fabricated with Ir(ppy)2(dtb-bpy)PF6 [ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, dtb-bpy = 4,4'-di-tert-butyl 2,2'-bipyridine [3]. We have found that applying a thicker-than-usual metal electrode results in shorter turn-on times and higher light emission, though little improvement in lifetime. It appears that the degradation of these devices occurs by a different mechanism from that of the ruthenium-based devices and may involve local heating leading to chemical decomposition of the organic material.
Observation of recurring but often transient dark-colored substances in both the Ru(bpy)3(PF6)2 and Ir(ppy)2(dtb-bpy)PF6 systems, seen both in the solid state and in solution samples, may also be indicative of decomposition.
Cluster of Cases of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Among Toronto Healthcare Workers After Implementation of Infection Control Precautions: A Case Series
- Marianna Ofner-Agostini, Denise Gravel, L. Clifford McDonald, Marcus Lem, Shelley Sarwal, Allison McGeer, Karen Green, Mary Vearncombe, Virginia Roth, Shirley Paton, Mark Loeb, Andrew Simor
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- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 27 / Issue 5 / May 2006
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 June 2016, pp. 473-478
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- May 2006
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Objective.
To review the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infection control practices, the types of exposure to patients with SARS, and the activities associated with treatment of such patients among healthcare workers (HCWs) who developed SARS in Toronto, Canada, after SARS-specific infection control precautions had been implemented.
Methods.A retrospective review of work logs and patient assignments, detailed review of medical records of patients with SARS, and comprehensive telephone-based interviews of HCWs who met the case definition for SARS after implementation of infection control precautions.
Results.Seventeen HCWs from 6 hospitals developed disease that met the case definition for SARS after implementation of infection control precautions. These HCWs had a mean age ( ± SD) of 39 ± 2.3 years. Two HCWs were not interviewed because of illness. Of the remaining 15, only 9 (60%) reported that they had received formal infection control training. Thirteen HCWs (87%) were unsure of proper order in which personal protective equipment should be donned and doffed. Six HCWs (40%) reused items (eg, stethoscopes, goggles, and cleaning equipment) elsewhere on the ward after initial use in a room in which a patient with SARS was staying. Use of masks, gowns, gloves, and eyewear was inconsistent among HCWs. Eight (54%) reported that they were aware of a breach in infection control precautions. HCWs reported fatigue due to an increase number and length of shifts; participants worked a median of 10 shifts during the 10 days before onset of symptoms. Seven HCWs were involved in the intubation of a patient with SARS. One HCW died, and the remaining 16 recovered.
Conclusion.Multiple factors were likely responsible for SARS in these HCWs, including the performance of high-risk patient care procedures, inconsistent use of personal protective equipment, fatigue, and lack of adequate infection control training.
APPENDIX A: UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON CONTRACTS FOR THE INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS (CISG) (APRIL 11, 1980)
- Larry A. DiMatteo, University of Florida, Lucien Dhooge, University of the Pacific, California, Stephanie Greene, Boston College, Massachusetts, Virginia Maurer, University of Florida, Marisa Pagnattaro, University of Georgia
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- International Sales Law
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- 06 August 2009
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- 05 September 2005, pp 209-230
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6 - OBLIGATIONS OF SELLERS
- Larry A. DiMatteo, University of Florida, Lucien Dhooge, University of the Pacific, California, Stephanie Greene, Boston College, Massachusetts, Virginia Maurer, University of Florida, Marisa Pagnattaro, University of Georgia
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- International Sales Law
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- 06 August 2009
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- 05 September 2005, pp 101-120
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Summary
This chapter focuses on the duties of sellers in the CISG-governed transaction. The seller has the basic duty, of course, to attend to timely delivery of conforming goods and documents, free of the unexpected claims of third parties. This chapter analyzes the issues associated with the delivery of goods and the handing over of documents and the conformity of the goods and third-party claims. It reviews how courts and arbitral panels have interpreted the CISG obligations of the seller.
THE DUTY OF DELIVERY
The CISG requires the seller to “deliver the goods, hand over any documents relating to them and transfer the property in the goods, as required by the contract.” The CISG specifies the seller's obligations with respect to the place for delivery, arranging for the carriage of goods and their insurance, the time of delivery, and the time and place at which documents are to be handed over. These obligations are set forth in Articles 30–34.
As noted in Chapter 2, an underlying (implied) principle of the CISG is the continuance of the contractual relationship. Some commentators have noted that Article 30 contains “the beginnings of an obligation to cooperate.” The Article 30 obligation is general and references the actual agreement of the parties and the particulars of national law. It “states the obvious,” that the seller must deliver the goods, a principle of sales law that is near universal, for “there is no sale without delivery and transfer of property.”
2 - CISG METHODOLOGY AND JURISPRUDENCE
- Larry A. DiMatteo, University of Florida, Lucien Dhooge, University of the Pacific, California, Stephanie Greene, Boston College, Massachusetts, Virginia Maurer, University of Florida, Marisa Pagnattaro, University of Georgia
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- International Sales Law
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- 06 August 2009
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- 05 September 2005, pp 19-31
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Summary
Chapters 3 through 10 offer a relatively comprehensive review of CISG jurisprudence. This review will allow an assessment of the problem of diverging national interpretations of the CISG. Before assessing the uniformity of CISG jurisprudence relating to its substantive rules, an understanding of the interpretive methodology provided by the CISG is necessary. Failure to understand and apply the CISG's interpretive methodology increases the likelihood of divergent interpretations through the improper use of domestic methodologies and legal constructs. This holds true for any multi-jurisdictional law, domestic or international. Professor Hawkland, referring to the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) (United States), asserts that “a court should look no further than the code itself for solution[s] to disputes governed by it – its purposes and policies should dictate the result even where there is no express language.”
CISG's interpretive methodology provides a template for addressing substantive gaps or issues of law not directly (expressly) dealt with by the CISG. This template includes analogical reasoning by using CISG articles not directly related to the issue at bar and the use of the general principles of the CISG in fabricating default rules. Even though it is the job of a sales code, like the CISG or UCC, to provide default rules to be used to fill in the gaps of a contract, it is the role of the courts to give meaning to the rules in their applications to real world contract disputes.
7 - COMMON OBLIGATIONS OF BUYERS AND SELLERS
- Larry A. DiMatteo, University of Florida, Lucien Dhooge, University of the Pacific, California, Stephanie Greene, Boston College, Massachusetts, Virginia Maurer, University of Florida, Marisa Pagnattaro, University of Georgia
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- International Sales Law
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- 06 August 2009
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- 05 September 2005, pp 121-131
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Summary
This chapter focuses on the common obligations of buyers and sellers under the CISG. These common obligations and concepts pertain to the passing of risk, fundamental breach, anticipatory breach, and adequate assurance. The first section reviews the passing of risk, which is the subject of a separate chapter of the CISG. Common Obligations is found in Chapter V of the CISG. It includes six sections: Section I, anticipatory breach and installment contracts; Section II, damages; Section III, interest; Section IV, exemptions; Section V, effects of avoidance; and Section VI, preservation of goods. Section I's coverage of anticipatory breach will be examined in the present chapter. Section II (damages), Section IV (impediment), and Section VI (preservation) will be examined in Chapter 10. Avoidance (Section V) will be examined along with the nachfrist notice in Chapter 9.
PASSING OF RISK
The CISG sets forth the basic principle for the passing of risk in Article 67. A pivotal issue for determining risk is where the contract requires the seller to hand over the goods. If the seller is not bound to hand over the goods at a particular place, the risk passes to the buyer when the goods are handed over to the first carrier for transmission to the buyer. If, however, the seller is bound to hand over the goods to a carrier at a particular place, the risk does not pass to the buyer until the goods are handed over to the carrier at that place.
International Sales Law
- A Critical Analysis of CISG Jurisprudence
- Larry A. DiMatteo, Lucien Dhooge, Stephanie Greene, Virginia Maurer, Marisa Pagnattaro
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- 06 August 2009
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- 05 September 2005
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This book is the product of extended research by five scholars working in the area of private international law. It provides a comprehensive review and analysis of the jurisprudence surrounding the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). As of 1st January 2004, 62 countries have adopted the CISG as their countries' international sales law. Since the introduction of the CISG fifteen years ago, a critical mass of interpretive jurisprudence has developed, and, given its importance now as the world's preeminent sales law, the authors believed that a fresh analysis of the evolving case and arbitral law was now needed. The analysis in the book is undertaken at two levels - the practical interpretation of the CISG and the theoretical limits of interpretation of supranational conventions.
Preface
- Larry A. DiMatteo, University of Florida, Lucien Dhooge, University of the Pacific, California, Stephanie Greene, Boston College, Massachusetts, Virginia Maurer, University of Florida, Marisa Pagnattaro, University of Georgia
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- International Sales Law
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- 06 August 2009
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- 05 September 2005, pp xi-xii
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Summary
This book is the product of extended research by five scholars working in the area of private international law. It provides a comprehensive review and analysis of the jurisprudence surrounding the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). As of February 8, 2005, sixty-four countries have adopted the CISG as their international sales law. Given its importance as the world's preeminent sales law, the authors believe that a fresh analysis of the evolving case and arbitral law is needed. It has been fifteen years since the CISG, went into effect on January 1, 1988, and in those years a critical mass of interpretive jurisprudence has developed. The analysis in the book is undertaken at two levels – the practical interpretation of the CISG and the theoretical limits of interpretation of supranational conventions.
Critics have argued that the benefits of uniform international business law are minimal and that national courts will inevitably be the conscious or subconscious victims of homeward trend or domestic gloss analysis. In responding to this criticism, the authors address the following four questions:
How has the CISG in fact been interpreted and applied by the various national courts?
Is there evidence of convergence or divergence among the national courts in interpreting the CISG?
Is the current level of disharmony associated with divergent national interpretations acceptable from the perspective of the CISG's mandate of uniformity?
How does divergence in national interpretations impact the effectiveness or functionality of the CISG?
Acknowledgments
- Larry A. DiMatteo, University of Florida, Lucien Dhooge, University of the Pacific, California, Stephanie Greene, Boston College, Massachusetts, Virginia Maurer, University of Florida, Marisa Pagnattaro, University of Georgia
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- International Sales Law
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5 - OBLIGATIONS OF BUYERS
- Larry A. DiMatteo, University of Florida, Lucien Dhooge, University of the Pacific, California, Stephanie Greene, Boston College, Massachusetts, Virginia Maurer, University of Florida, Marisa Pagnattaro, University of Georgia
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- International Sales Law
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Summary
This part focuses on the duties of buyers in the CISG-governed transaction. Given the limited right of rejection (avoidance) provided to the CISG, the buyer is burdened with numerous duties including the duty to inspect, give notice of nonconformity, give notice of avoidance, duty to preserve the goods, duty to pay the price, and duty to take delivery. The analysis reviews how courts and arbitral panels have defined the duties enunciated in the CISG.
THE DUTY TO INSPECT, GIVE NOTICE, AND PRESERVE GOODS
The CISG requires buyers to inspect goods, and provide adequate and timely notice, with respect to any defects in the seller's performance and preserve the goods in the event the buyer elects to reject the seller's tender. These obligations are set forth in Articles 38, 39, 44, and 86. The initial obligation of all buyers is the duty of inspection. Article 38 provides that the buyer “must examine the goods, or cause them to be examined, within as short a period as is practicable in the circumstances.” Special rules apply in the event the contract involves the carriage of goods or their redirection in transit. Examination may be deferred until after the goods arrive at their destination in the event the contract involves carriage. By contrast, examination of the goods may be deferred until after their arrival at their ultimate destination in the event they have been redirected in transit or redispatched by the buyer.
APPENDIX B: CISG: TABLE OF CONTRACTING STATES (AS OF FEBRUARY 8, 2005)
- Larry A. DiMatteo, University of Florida, Lucien Dhooge, University of the Pacific, California, Stephanie Greene, Boston College, Massachusetts, Virginia Maurer, University of Florida, Marisa Pagnattaro, University of Georgia
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10 - DAMAGES, EXCUSE, AND PRESERVATION
- Larry A. DiMatteo, University of Florida, Lucien Dhooge, University of the Pacific, California, Stephanie Greene, Boston College, Massachusetts, Virginia Maurer, University of Florida, Marisa Pagnattaro, University of Georgia
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Summary
Upon breach by either party, a number of consequences result that are common to buyers and sellers. The CISG provides a series of procedures that impact the consequences of breach. First, it provides rules for the calculation of damages. Second, it provides a number of limiting doctrines that may be used to reduce the amount of damages awarded. Third, it provides the excuse of impediment that allows the breaching party to avoid damages. Fourth, it provides rules for the consequences of contractual avoidance. Finally, it allocates certain obligations pertaining to the preservation of goods.
CALCULATION OF DAMAGES: ARTICLES 75 AND 76
Articles 74, 75, and 76 set out general formulas for the calculation of damages. Pursuant to Article 74, damages consist of a sum equal to the loss, including loss of profit, suffered by the other party as a consequence of the breach. Under Article 75, if the contract is avoided, and the buyer has bought goods in replacement or the seller has resold the goods, the party claiming damages may recover “the difference between the contract price and the price in the substitute transaction.” The substitute transaction must be made in a reasonable manner and within a reasonable time after avoidance. If the substitute transaction occurs in a different place from the original transaction or is on different terms, the amount of damages must be adjusted to recognize any increase in costs, less any expenses saved as a consequence of the breach.
1 - INTRODUCTION
- Larry A. DiMatteo, University of Florida, Lucien Dhooge, University of the Pacific, California, Stephanie Greene, Boston College, Massachusetts, Virginia Maurer, University of Florida, Marisa Pagnattaro, University of Georgia
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Summary
“[E]ven when outward uniformity is achieved, …, uniform application of the agreed rules is by no means guaranteed, as in practice different countries almost inevitably come to put different interpretations upon the same enacted words.”
“[H]ow [does one] determine which interpretation should be preferred when the CISG itself gives rise to different autonomous interpretations [?]”
A hopeful note was expounded 250 years ago by Lord Mansfield when he stated that “mercantile law … is the same all over the world. For from the same premises, the sound conclusions of reason and justice must universally be the same.” The universality of commerical practice provides the opportunity to structure a uniform law of sales premised upon the commonality of practice. It is on this view of the universality of commercial practice that the success of a uniform international sales law is hinged. Critics of such a view assert that such uniformity efforts are both unwise and doomed to failure. Unwise, because there are substantial and reasonable differences in national practices that are reflected in differences in national laws. Doomed to failure, because legal and cultural differences will necessarily be reflected in the national courts' interpretations of a supranational sales law. Thus, the uniformity of form (a single body of rules) will lose to non-uniform application (jurisprudential chaos). A middle view between Mansfield's idealism and the realist critque will be discussed later in this chapter.
4 - FORMATION: OFFER AND ACCEPTANCE RULES
- Larry A. DiMatteo, University of Florida, Lucien Dhooge, University of the Pacific, California, Stephanie Greene, Boston College, Massachusetts, Virginia Maurer, University of Florida, Marisa Pagnattaro, University of Georgia
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Summary
Despite its general informality and incorporation of flexible, open-ended rules, the CISG provides specific rules of offer and acceptance to determine whether a valid contract has been concluded. The rules of offer and acceptance, concerning the necessary content, timing, and revocation of offers, are contained in Articles 14 through 24. A valid offer must “be addressed to one or more specific persons,” be “sufficiently definite,” and indicate the offeror's intention “to be bound in case of acceptance.” If the offer is not addressed to “one or more specific persons, it is merely an invitation to offer, unless the contrary is clearly indicated by the person making the proposal. Identification of the goods, quantity, and price are the essential elements that determine whether the offer fulfills the “sufficiently definite” requirement. An offer does not fail for lack of definiteness, however, if these terms are not expressly fixed. Article 14(1) allows such terms to be “implicitly” fixed or provided for in some other way.
There are numerous, highly specific rules that control the effectiveness of offers and revocation of offers. An offer becomes effective when it reaches the offeree. Article 24 interprets “reaches” to mean that the offer has been communicated orally, delivered personally, or delivered to the offeree's place of business, mailing address, or habitual residence. If the offer is revoked before it reaches the offeree, it becomes ineffective even if the offer stated that it was irrevocable.
Contents
- Larry A. DiMatteo, University of Florida, Lucien Dhooge, University of the Pacific, California, Stephanie Greene, Boston College, Massachusetts, Virginia Maurer, University of Florida, Marisa Pagnattaro, University of Georgia
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Index
- Larry A. DiMatteo, University of Florida, Lucien Dhooge, University of the Pacific, California, Stephanie Greene, Boston College, Massachusetts, Virginia Maurer, University of Florida, Marisa Pagnattaro, University of Georgia
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TABLE OF AUTHORITIES AND CASES
- Larry A. DiMatteo, University of Florida, Lucien Dhooge, University of the Pacific, California, Stephanie Greene, Boston College, Massachusetts, Virginia Maurer, University of Florida, Marisa Pagnattaro, University of Georgia
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3 - FORMATION: WRITING REQUIREMENTS
- Larry A. DiMatteo, University of Florida, Lucien Dhooge, University of the Pacific, California, Stephanie Greene, Boston College, Massachusetts, Virginia Maurer, University of Florida, Marisa Pagnattaro, University of Georgia
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Summary
The CISG embodies a modern approach to contract formation, recognizing that contracts are often concluded quickly and without a formal writing. The CISG provisions dealing with contract formation are found in Part II of the convention, which contains the rules of formality and offer-acceptance. The rules of formality refer to the writing requirements, definiteness of terms, and types of admissible evidence. Offer-acceptance rules include issues dealing with the mechanics of formation, the battle of the forms scenario, and the firm offer rule. Article 29, found in Part III of the CISG, is concurrently analyzed for contract modification requirements. Before discussing the specific contract formation rules of the CISG, the first section of this chapter will briefly focus on the issue of precontractual liability. The CISG does not expressly cover the issue of precontractual liability. Nonetheless, the possibility for such liability is an important issue and will be examined first.
PRECONTRACTUAL LIABILITY
The subject of precontractual liability can be divided into two areas: first, the liability for the bad faith breaking off of negotiations; second, the enforceability of representations or informal writings given during the precontract or negotiation stage. According to American and English common law, a negotiating party owes no duty of good faith to the other party. One may terminate negotiations in bad faith without liability for the other parties' expenses. One major exception to this freedom of negotiation without liability is promissory estoppel or reliance theory.